Hydrogen is significant and may be viewed as an alternative for main fossil fuels, coal, crude oil, and natural gas, as well as its derivatives when utilized as fuel. It has the potential to be a clean, efficient, and inexpensive energy source. Being an environmentally friendly energy source, hydrogen is a good alternative to the current fossil fuels. Researchers' interest in the topic of green energy has been sparked by current developments in the hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is stored through a variety of techniques. Our review first focuses on different categories of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, after which we go into great detail regarding the hydrogen economy. One strong contender for a sustainable energy source is hydrogen. The benefits of hydrogen and its uses in various industries are discussed. Before moving on to hydrogen storage techniques, we first explore various hydrogen synthesis techniques. The ideal method for storing hydrogen is electrochemical since it produces hydrogen on-site and stores it at normal pressure and temperature conditions. As a result, energy resources should be combined with energy storage devices in order to offer continuous power. This paper examines the various storage systems and concentrations on energy storage systems based on hydrogen.

The transmission network expansion planning is necessary for supplying the future needs, considering load growth. Furthermore, in restructured environments, transmission lines provide the required infrastructure for creating a competitive environment. In recent years, there has been a signifi cant advancement in storage technologies. This advancement leads to using energy storage systems to postpone the construction or replacement of transmission lines. Therefore, in this paper, the problems of transmission expansion planning and energy storage systems deployment are investigated simultaneously. Considering the presence of storage devices and their effect on network operation cost, in this paper, the operation cost is modeled as an independent objective function along with investment cost. Moreover, the problems of transmission and storage expansion planning are modeled as a tri-objective optimization problem with the objectives of reducing costs and increasing the social welfare index in the power market. The multiobjective shuffl ed frog leaping evolutionary algorithm is used to solve these problems. The presented model for expansion planning is implemented and analyzed on IEEE 24-bus test system in the presence and absence of energy storage systems, and the effect of change in the price of energy storage systems is studied. The results of this research show that as the technology advances and the storage costs decrease, energy storage systems can play a pivotal role in reducing expansion planning costs of the power network and improving market-based indices in the restructured environment.

Cooling energy storage systems can be used, coupled with conventional building cooling systems. purpose of the study was to examine the performance of the cooling energy storage system (CESS) in partial storage mode (PSM). Objective functions were considered as the exergy efficiency and the total cost rate. The multi-objective technique in MOPSO and SEAP2 algorithms were used to optimize the objective functions. The results obtained from the multi-objective analysis indicated a difference in the optimal value of designing points relative to single-objective optimization, objective function 1 (exergy efficiency), and objective function 2 (total costs). The maximum exergy efficiency for the multi-objective mode in PSM was 39.12%, and the minimum total cost for the multi-objective mode in PSM was $ 1,152 × 105. Additionally, a study on the model showed that by using ice thermal energy storage (ITES), electricity consumption reduced by 11.83% in PSM. Furthermore, because of the transfer of cooling load from peak hours to low consumption hours and reduction of power consumption by 35.12%, there is a reduction in functional costs in PSM compared to a traditional air conditioning system. The results showed that the payback period for an ITES system in PSM is 3.43 years. Ultimately, one has to note that using the ITES system reduces co2 production, leading to a reduction in environmental pollution. Additionally, PCMs used in the construction industry have been introduced and compared with each other in terms of exergy efficiency. The results show that magnesium nitrate hexahydrate reaches the highest oxygen efficiency.

Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gotten a lot of attention because of their varied nanostructures, making it a very intriguing and comprehensive topic in nanotechnology. Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) both have unique electrical, mechanical, thermal, catalytic, and electrochemical features because they are made up of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. Carbon nanotube hybrid nanostructured materials (CNT hybrid nanocomposites), Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanotechnology have the potential to improve energy conversion and storage device applications. Carbon nanotubes are being evaluated for application in renewable energy sources, including solar cells and hydrogen storage. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are utilized in storage technologies such as Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and thermal energy harvesting. We describe the functions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in new energy storage technologies, particularly electrochemical supercapacitors and Lithium-ion batteries, in this study. The use of carbon nanotubes in binder-free electrodes, microscaled current collectors, and adaptable and stretchy energy storage systems is also explored.

This study aims to assess the potential of coupling solar PV power plants with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to curtail load-shedding and provide a stable and reliable baseload power generation in Zimbabwe. Data from geographical surveys, power plant proposals, and investment information from related sources were reviewed and applied accordingly. Areas considered to be of good potential to employ the use of BESS were identified considering such factors as feasibility of PV plants, proximity to transmission lines, the size of a town or neighborhood, and energy demands for BESS Return On Investment (ROI) calculations. Previous studies have proven that 10% of the suitable land for PV systems has the capability to generate thirty times the current power demand of the nation operating even with the least efficiency. In recent years, coupling renewable energy sources with a suitable energy storage system yielded improved performances, giving consumers a reliable, stable, and predictable grid. BESS technologies on the utility scale have improved in recent years, giving more options with improved safety, and decreasing the purchase costs, too.

Due to the lack of transmission and distribution network in remote and impassable areas due to the high cost of construction of the transmission line along with the unsuitable geographical conditions and taking into account the factors affecting sustainable energy production, the use of a hybrid system seems like a sensible solution. Designing hybrid systems in order to respond throughout the year is of paramount importance. In this research, this study investigates the participation of wind turbine, photovoltaic and hybrid system with demand response in the presence of energy storage. The participation of renewable energy in providing demand response will be presented in three seminars: 1: The role of wind turbine partnership with storage, 2: the role of photovoltaic with storage, 3: hybrid mode with storage. The best ways to generate electricity are sought from three different scenarios to select the best possible case. It can be said that renewable energy is economically competitive with fossil energy and this energy can be used and implemented along with distribution networks. While analyzing the participation of different hybrid systems and estimating the cost of optimization, the total price for each unit of energy production, energy storage, Net Present Cost (NPC) and participation in demand supply will be compared. Comparative results show that the hybrid design can have a more appropriate and desirable performance. HOMER software is used to determine the optimal possible modes for these systems, in the position of 37 degrees latitude and 42 degrees longitude.